Berikut ini adalah bahan kuliah untuk 2 pertemuan dengan pokok bahasan kebijakan pasca paris agreement
https://jpp.go.id/teknologi/lingkungan-hidup/309993-sembilan-strategi-indonesia-kendalikan-perubahan-iklim
JPP
JAKARTA -
Pemanasan global telah menjadi perhatian masyarakat dunia sejak lama. Oleh
karena itu, sebanyak 197 negara anggota United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) berkomitmen dan berupaya untuk mencegah kenaikan suhu
global tidak melebihi 20 C atau setara dengan gas rumah kaca 450 PPM di
atmosfer pada tahun 2100.
Untuk
mengendalikan “produksi” gas rumah kaca dari aktivitas manusia (antropogenik
caused), Perjanjian Paris mengamanatkan pelaksanaan Nationally Determinded
Contribution (NDC) yang berisi rencana mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim di
setiap negara anggota, termasuk Indonesia.
Untuk
mengendalikan “produksi” gas rumah kaca dari aktivitas manusia (antropogenik
caused), Perjanjian Paris mengamanatkan pelaksanaan Nationally Determinded
Contribution (NDC) yang berisi rencana mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim di
setiap negara anggota, termasuk Indonesia.
Tahun
2016. Indonesia menargetkan penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) sebesar 29%
dengan kemampuan sendiri (unconditional) dan sampai dengan 41% dengan dukungan
internasional (conditional) dibandingkan dengan tanpa ada aksi (business as
usual) pada tahun 2030.
Target
conditional tersebut akan dicapai melalui penurunan emisi GRK sektor Kehutanan
(17,2%), energi (11%), pertanian (0,32%), industri (0,10%), dan limbah (0,38%). Implementasi
NDC memerlukan komitmen tidak hanya pemerintah tetapi juga Non Parties
Stakeholders/NPS, mencakup Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota, dunia usaha, dan
masyarakat sipil lainnya.
Untuk
itu, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) menghadirkan para
pemangku kepentingan di daerah dalam acara “Sosialisasi NDC: Peran Daerah Dalam
Pencapaian Target NDC” mulai 24–25 Oktober 2017 di Jakarta, Kamis (24/08/2017).
Saat
membuka sosialisasi, Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (LHK) Siti Nurbaya,
menjelaskan Indonesia memiliki sembilan program strategi untuk implementasi
NDC, yaitu: 1) Pengembangan rasa memiliki (ownership) dan komitmen; 2)
Pengembangan kapasitas; 3) Enabling Environment (memungkinkan lingkungan); 4)
Penyusunan kerangka kerja dan jaringan komunikasi; 5) Kebijakan satu data GRK;
6) Penyusunan kebijakan, rencana dan program (KRP) intervensi; 7) Penyusunan
guidance (pedoman) implementasi NDC; 8) Implementasi NDC; dan 9) Pemantauan dan
review NDC.
Sebagai
keberhasilan upaya bersama penurunan GRK, sampai tahun ini Indonesia telah
berhasil menurunkan emisi 11% dari 29% yang ditargetkan sampai tahun 2030.
"Indonesia
hadir dan menjadi harapan dunia dalam pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. Upaya ini
adalah untuk Indonesia dan rakyat Indonesia, bagaimana kita ikut menyelamatkan bumi
dan memenuhi amanat UUD 1945 dimana hak setiap warga negara untuk memperoleh
lingkungan yang baik dan sehat," ucap Siti Nurbaya. (lhk)
Apa itu NDC? Cermati terlebih dahulu Paris Agreement dan INDC berikut ini
The Paris Agreement (French:
Accord de Paris), Paris climate accord or Paris
climate agreement is an agreement within the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the
year 2020. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of
196 parties at the 21st Conference of the
Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015.[3][4]
As of November 2017, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 170 have
become party to it.[1]
The Agreement aims to respond to the global climate change threat by keeping a
global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above
pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase
even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.[5]
In the Paris Agreement, each country
determines, plans and regularly reports its own contribution it should make in
order to mitigate global warming.[6]
There is no mechanism to force[7]
a country to set a specific target by a specific date,[8]
but each target should go beyond previously set targets.
In June 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump
announced his intention to withdraw the United States from the agreement,
causing widespread condemnation both internationally and domestically. Under
the agreement, the earliest effective date of withdrawal for the U.S. is
November 2020.
In July 2017, France’s environment
minister Nicolas Hulot announced France’s five-year plan to
ban all petrol and diesel vehicles by 2040 as part of the Paris Agreement.
Hulot also stated that France would no longer use coal to produce electricity
after 2022 and that up to €4 billion will be invested in boosting energy
efficiency.[9]
Aims
The aim of the convention is described
in Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through:[10]
"(a) Holding the
increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above
pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase
to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would
significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
(b) Increasing the
ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate
resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does
not threaten food production;
(c) Making finance
flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and
climate-resilient development."
Countries furthermore aim to reach
"global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible". The
agreement has been described as an incentive for and driver of fossil fuel divestment.[11][12]
The Paris deal is the world's first
comprehensive climate agreement.[13]
Nationally determined
contributions
The contributions that each individual
country should make in order to achieve the worldwide goal are determined by
all countries individually and called "nationally determined
contributions" (NDCs).[6]
Article 3 requires them to be "ambitious", "represent a
progression over time" and set "with the view to achieving the
purpose of this Agreement". The contributions should be reported every
five years and are to be registered by the UNFCCC
Secretariat.[14]
Each further ambition should be more ambitious than the previous one, known as
the principle of 'progression'.[15]
Countries can cooperate and pool their nationally determined contributions. The
Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions pledged during the 2015 Climate Change Conference
serve—unless provided otherwise—as the initial Nationally determined
contribution.
The level of NDCs set by each country[8]
will set that country's targets. However the 'contributions' themselves are not
binding as a matter of international law, as they lack the specificity,
normative character, or obligatory language necessary to create binding norms.[16]
Furthermore, there will be no mechanism to force[7]
a country to set a target in their NDC by a specific date and no enforcement if
a set target in an NDC is not met.[8][17]
There will be only a "name and shame" system[18]
or as János Pásztor, the U.N. assistant
secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News (US), a "name and
encourage" plan.[19]
As the agreement provides no consequences if countries do not meet their
commitments, consensus of this kind is fragile. A trickle of nations exiting
the agreement may trigger the withdrawal of more governments, bringing about a
total collapse of the agreement.[20]
Effects on global
temperature
The negotiators of the Agreement,
however, stated that the NDCs and the 2 °C reduction target were
insufficient; instead, a 1.5 °C target is required, noting "with
concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and
2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not
fall within least-cost 2 °C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level
of 55 gigatonnes in 2030", and recognizing furthermore "that much
greater emission reduction efforts will be required in order to hold the
increase in the global average temperature to below 2 °C by reducing
emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 °C".[21]
Although not the sustained temperatures
over the long term which the Agreement addresses, in the first half of 2016
average temperatures were about 1.3 °C (2.3 degrees Fahrenheit) above the
average in 1880, when global record-keeping began.[22]
When the agreement achieved enough signatures to cross the threshold on 5 October 2016, US President Barack Obama claimed that "Even if we meet every target ... we will only get to part of where we need to go." He also said that "this agreement will help delay or avoid some of the worst consequences of climate change. It will help other nations ratchet down their emissions over time, and set bolder targets as technology advances, all under a strong system of transparency that allows each nation to evaluate the progress of all other nations."[23][24]
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions
(INDCs) is a term used under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for reductions in greenhouse
gas emissions that all countries that signed the UNFCCC were asked to
publish in the lead up to the 2015 United Nations
Climate Change Conference held in Paris, France in December 2015.[1][2]
These intended contributions were determined without prejudice to the legal
nature of the contributions.[2]
The term was intended as a compromise between "quantified emissions
limitation and reduction objective" (QUELROs) and "nationally
appropriate mitigation actions" (NAMAs) that the Kyoto
Protocol used to describe the different legal obligations of developed and
developing countries. Under the Paris
Agreement, adopted in December 2015, the INDC will become the first
Nationally Determined Contribution when a country ratifies the agreement,
unless they decide to submit a new NDC at the same time. Once the Paris
Agreement is ratified, the NDC will become the first greenhouse gas targets
under the UNFCCC that applied equally to both developed and developing
countries.[3]
On 3 August 2016 China
and US ratified 2015
agreement on INDC. Together they both constitute 38% of total global emission,
with China's alone emitting total of 20%.[4]
India that has a Global share of GHGs emission at 4.1% of that of world
ratified Paris climate agreement on October 2, 2016 by depositing the
Instrument of ratification with the United nations.[5]
Process
The INDCs combine the top-down system
of a United Nations climate agreement with bottom-up system-in elements through
which countries put forward their agreements in the context of their own
national circumstances, capabilities and priorities, within the ambition to
reduce global greenhouse gas emissions enough to keep global temperature rise
to 2 degrees Celsius.[3]
The INDCs contain steps taken towards
emission reductions and also aim to address steps taken to adapt to climate
change impacts, and what support the country needs, or will provide, to address
climate change. After the initial submission of INDCs in March 2015, an
assessment phase followed to review the impact of the submitted INDCs before
the 2015 United Nations
Climate Change Conference.[3]
Submission
Research released by NewClimate
Institute for UNFCCC and UNDP concluded that as of March 2015, one third of the
81 surveyed countries had not yet begun their INDC. Approximately another third
had started the national discussion, but not proceeded to the technical design.
Submission ambitions vary somewhat geographically; for instance, African
countries often reported the latest intended submission dates.[6]
On 27 February 2015, Switzerland
became the first nation to submit its INDC to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[7]
Switzerland said that they had experienced a temperature rise of 1.75 °C
since 1864, and aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030.[8]
India submitted its
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to the UNFCCC in October 2015,
committing to cut the emissions intensity of GDP by 33-35 per cent by 2030 from
2005 levels.[9]
On its submission, India wrote that it needs "at least USD 2.5
trillion" to achieve its 2015-2030 goals, and that its "international
climate finance needs" will be the difference over "what can be made
available from domestic sources."[10]
The INDCs of the largest greenhouse gas
emitters included China, which targeted a 60-65% reduction in greenhouse
gas emissions
per unit of GDP by 2030, the United States, which targeted a 26-28%
reduction by 2025 and the European Union which targeted a 40% reduction
compared to 1990 by 2030.[11]
India submitted a target of 33-35% per unit of GDP, conditional on finance
being made available by developed countries.[2]
The EU was criticized by members of civil society claiming that its 40%
emission reduction target is not ambitious enough.[8]
Prior to the 2015 United Nations
Climate Change Conference a synthesis report was prepared that assessed the
impact of all the published INDCs on expected global warming. This incorporated
the impact of INDCs submitted for 147 countries, who comprised 80% of total
global emissions in 2010. It concluded that if the INDCs were met this would
slow the increase in emissions from the 24% increase between 1990 and 2010 to
an increase between 2010 and 2030 of between 11% and 23%. However, emissions up
to 2030 would amount to 75% of the total emissions that were consistent with
limiting global warming to the target of 2°. Therefore, much greater reduction
would be required after 2030 in order to reach this target.[12]
Challenges
Of surveyed countries, 85% reported
that they feel challenged by the short timeframe available to develop the INDC.
Other challenges reported include difficulty to secure high-level political
support, a lack of certainty and guidance on what should be included in INDCs,
and limited expertise for the assessment of technical options. However, despite
challenges, less than a quarter of countries said they had received
international support to prepare their INDCs, and more than a quarter indicated
they are still applying for international support.[13]
The INDC process and the challenges it is presenting are unique to each country
and there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach or methodology.[14]
Opportunities
The Climate & Development
Knowledge Network prepared a guide for Least Developed Countries (LDCs), setting
out an approach towards their INDC that could provide economic and development
opportunities. This included:
- showing that economic growth is compatible with low-carbon and climate-resilient pathways, which will avoid lock-in to high carbon-intensive infrastructure;
- highlighting the adaptation-related benefits of mitigation actions, as well as other co-benefits including poverty alleviation, health, energy access and security;
- capturing the potential for mitigation within planned and potential adaptation activities;
- encouraging other countries to take equivalent action, increasing global ambition and reducing climate impacts;
- attracting financial, capacity-building, technology transfer and other types of international support.[15]
Integrating
international climate change commitments into national development planning
A report from the Climate and Development
Knowledge Network (CDKN) with the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)
made the following recommendations to integrate international climate change
commitments into national development planning:
- NDCs should be consistent with national development policies
- NDCs should follow SMART design principles
- NDCs should have broad national support
- NDCs should have clear political backing
- NDC development should have clear institutional leadership
- National coordination for climate change and development actions should exist
- NDC institutions should respond to local development needs
- NDC spending should be part of national budget planning
- NDC spending should be monitored and reported
- NDC spending should be subject to national oversight and scrutiny[16]
Tugas:
- Perhatikan bagian Integrating international climate change commitments into national development planning. Pada bullet I, tertulis “NDCs should be consistent with national development policies”.
- Saya memberikan bahan copi-an INDC/NDC Indonesia sebagai bentuk kebijakan indonesia terkait kontribusi nasional pada masalah pengendalian perubahan iklim global. Materi saya kirim by email kepada Bung Torry.
- Bagi diri kedalam 3 kelompok (@ 2 orang) lalu bagi bahan ke dalam 3 bagian. Terjemahkan dan bikin intisarinya.
- Dengan itu, jawab pertannyaan berikut, bagaimana seharusnya kebijakan pemda NTT?
- Jawaban per orangan (kerja dalam kelompok).
- Kumpulkan 2 minggu dari sekarang
Sumber: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement
dan https://jpp.go.id/teknologi/lingkungan-hidup
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